Wednesday, 31 December 2014

NASA Highlights Astrophysics Discoveries at American Astronomical Society Meeting

NASA researchers will present a wide range of new astrophysics findings at the 225th meeting of the American Astronomical Society (AAS).



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Technology Innovations Spin NASA's SMAP into Space

Artist's rendering of the SMAP instrument



It's active. It's passive. And it's got a big, spinning lasso.










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Tuesday, 30 December 2014

Dawn Spacecraft Begins Approach to Dwarf Planet Ceres

On the Way to Ceres



NASA's Dawn spacecraft has entered an approach phase in which it will continue to close in on Ceres, a Texas-sized dwarf planet never before visited by a spacecraft.










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NASA Updates Pre-Launch Briefings for Upcoming Resupply Mission to Space Station

The fifth SpaceX cargo mission to the International Space Station (ISS) under NASA's Commercial Resupply Services contract now is scheduled to launch about 6:18 a.m. EST Tuesday, Jan. 6, from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.



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NASA Finds Good News on Forests and Carbon Dioxide

Image of a tropical forest



A NASA-led study suggests that tropical forests absorb more carbon dioxide than scientists thought. That means, if left undisturbed, the tropical trees should be able to continue reducing the rate of global warming.










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Tuesday, 23 December 2014

NASA Selects Commercial Space Partners for Collaborative Partnerships

NASA announced Tuesday the selection of four U.S. companies to collaborate with NASA through unfunded partnerships to develop new space capabilities available to the government and other customers. The partnerships build on the success of NASA's commercial spaceflight initiatives to leverage NASA experience and expertise into new capabilities.



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NASA Takes Giant Leaps on the Journey to Mars, Eyes Our Home Planet and the Distant Universe, Tests Technologies and Improves the Skies Above in 2014

In 2014, NASA took significant steps on the agency’s journey to Mars -- testing cutting-edge technologies and making scientific discoveries while studying our changing Earth and the infinite universe as the agency made progress on the next generation of air travel.



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Monday, 22 December 2014

NASA Commercial Crew Partners Complete 23 Milestones in 2014, Look Ahead to 2015

NASA’s Commercial Crew Program and the agency’s industry partners completed 23 agreement and contract milestones in 2014 and participated in thousands of hours of technical review sessions. The sessions focused on creating a new generation of safe, reliable and cost-effective crew space transportation systems to low-Earth orbit destinations.



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Saturday, 20 December 2014

Gecko Grippers Get a Microgravity Test Flight

This is an image of a gecko foot.



Gecko-inspired grippers might one day help service satellites and collect orbital debris.










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Horsehead of a Different Color

Horsehead Nebula Disappears in Infrared Light



The famous Horsehead nebula takes on a ghostly appearance in this newly released image from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope.










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Video Gives Astronaut’s-Eye View Inside NASA’s Orion Spacecraft

New video recorded during the return of NASA’s Orion through Earth’s atmosphere this month provides a taste of the intense conditions the spacecraft and the astronauts it carries will endure when they return from deep space destinations on the journey to Mars.



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Year-end break

A short note from the blog team here at ESA: we expect to take a year-end break between Monday, 22 December 2014 and Monday, 5 January 2015.



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Friday, 19 December 2014

SpaceX Completes First Milestone for Commercial Crew Transportation System

NASA has approved the completion of SpaceX’s first milestone in the company’s path toward launching crews to the International Space Station (ISS) from U.S. soil under a Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) contract with the agency.



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CometWatch – the movie

As the incredible year of 2014 draws to a close, we have prepared a small treat for all of the readers of this blog who have followed Rosetta's progress over the months, in particular those who like to download images and play with them. We started our CometWatch in July, when Rosetta was still a few thousand kilometres away from Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. We saw this curiously-shaped comet grow larger and richer in details as the spacecraft got closer and closer until rendezvous at 100 km on 6 August. The NAVCAM images released over that period provided a good overview of our approach this amazing new world. In September, as we drew closer to the comet, we had to switch to taking four-image mosaics in order to ensure that we could cover enough of it for navigation purposes. Since then, we have been publishing some of these four-image sets as montages and mosaics, as well as releasing the individual frames so that you could work with them and create your own mosaics. Some have been taken within 8 km of the surface of 67P/C-G, providing amazing views. But to mark the end of this exciting year, instead of just one new image, montage, or mosaic, the last CometWatch release of the year is ... a movie, featuring no less than 24 montages based on NAVCAM images taken between 19 November and 3 December 2014. A reduced version of the movie can be seen inline here, but the full-sized version is available if you click through. These images were taken while Rosetta was in a 30-km orbit around the comet (see this video showing the trajectory of the spacecraft after 12 November). As usual, each montage comprises four individual images taken over a 20-minute period, at either around 11:00 UT (12:00 CET) […]



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Music of the Irregular Spheres

This blog post is contributed by Mark McCaughrean, senior science advisor in the Directorate of Science and Robotic Exploration at ESA. The rather tortured title of this post is intended as a humorous reference to the decidedly non-spherical shape of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the target of our Rosetta mission. It also refers to the philosophical concept of ‘musica universalis’ or ‘music of the spheres’, usually attributed to Pythagoras, Ptolemy, and other ancient philosophers and scientists. They suggested that the proportions of the distances of the celestial bodies in the Solar System thought to be orbiting the Earth could be assigned tones, much as the pitch of a note coming from a plucked string is related to the length of that string. This theory was later developed further by Johannes Kepler in his works ‘Mysterium Cosmographicum’ (1596) and ‘Harmonices Mundi’ (1619). In these, Kepler proposed that a series of nested regular polygons provided the basis for the proportions observed in the heavens in a Copernican, Sun-centred Universe, and that the geometrical properties of these polygons could be linked to the ‘music of the spheres’. Kepler’s work on Tycho Brahe’s astronomical data later led him to his famous laws of planetary motion, which describe the elliptical orbits of objects around the Sun; astronomers would later realise that they even apply to the very elliptical orbits of comets like 67P/C-G. It's interesting to note that one of Kepler’s formative astronomical experiences was seeing the Great Comet of 1577 when he was just six years old. (To read a brief history of comets, please see our earlier blog post "Chasing comets - across history"). In the theory of the ‘music of the spheres’, the sounds are not supposed to be directly audible. That provides a nice link to the now famous “Singing Comet” as presented […]



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Behind the scenes of ‘The singing comet’

Last month, shortly before Rosetta released Philae to land on Comet 67P/C-G, we posted an article on this blog titled “The singing comet”. It presented an audio track based on data collected with one of the instruments from the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC) on board the orbiter. Perhaps because it added a new layer to the Rosetta story, by engaging another of our human senses to the immersive experience of “being there” at the comet with the spacecraft, this ‘song’ became a worldwide sensation. By now, it has been listened to more than 5.6 million times on SoundCloud. But what does this ‘music’ mean, and how is it possible to ‘record’ sounds in space at all? Readers of this blog have asked a number of questions about “The singing comet”, so we’ve written this post to provide some more details about the production of this unusual audio track. “Clearly, there is no sound as we know it, because acoustic waves need a medium to propagate through, such as an atmosphere, whereas the (almost) empty space around the comet does not allow for that,” explains RPC principal investigator Karl-Heinz GlaƟmeier from the Technische UniversitƤt Braunschweig, Germany. “But there is another type of wave that can propagate in the tenuous mixture of charged particles and ions, or plasma, present in the comet’s environment. These magneto-acoustic waves are caused by the interaction of the local plasma around the comet with the magnetic field carried by the solar wind, a stream of electrically charged particles blown by the Sun,” says Karl-Heinz. While probing the magnetic environment of the comet, the magnetometer on Rosetta (RPC-Mag) detected these waves as very regular oscillations in the local magnetic field. At only a few nanotesla, this field is very weak, roughly a million times less than from a […]



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NASA's Kepler Reborn, Makes First Exoplanet Find of New Mission

Reborn Kepler Can Still Find Planets



NASA's planet-hunting Kepler spacecraft makes a comeback with the discovery of the first exoplanet found using its new mission -- K2.










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Signs of Europa Plumes Remain Elusive in Search of Cassini Data

Jupiter's icy moon Europa displays many signs of activity



A new study suggests that the thin, hot gas around Jupiter's moon Europa does not show evidence of plume activity occurring in 2001, when NASA's Cassini spacecraft flew past.










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NASA's Spaceborne Carbon Counter Maps New Details

Global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations



The first global maps of atmospheric carbon dioxide from NASA's new Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 mission demonstrate its performance and promise.










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Updates from AGU

Yesterday, 17 December, there was a special session dedicated to Rosetta at the 2014 autumn meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) in San Francisco. Many scientists from the Rosetta and Philae instrument teams reported on their latest results. To kick the Rosetta day off, some of the results were also presented in a press conference featuring Matt Taylor, ESA Rosetta Project Scientist, Claudia Alexander, US Rosetta Project Scientist at NASA, Kathrin Altwegg, ROSINA Principal Investigator at the University of Bern, Switzerland and Jean-Pierre Bibring, Lead Lander Scientist at the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Orsay, France. Matt Taylor introduced the past, exciting year of Rosetta leading to the comet landing on 12 November, and Claudia Alexander summarised what we know about comets so far and the science goals of the mission. Then Kathrin Altwegg talked about the status of the ROSINA instruments and the recent result on the measurement of the isotopic composition of water vapour coming from Comet 67P/C-G. Finally, Jean-Pierre Bibring summarised the landing of Philae, the scientific experiments that were performed during descent and on the comet's surface, and possible future plans in the case that the lander will wake up. You can watch a replay of the press conference here: Posted below are some of the images presented during the press conference: the first blurred CIVA image, taken shortly after Philae’s first bounce, a reprocessed version of one of the frames in the panorama taken by CIVA at Philae’s final resting place, showing the so-called “Perihelion Cliff”, and an illustration showing the lander's likely position on the comet's surface. You can also view a replay of some presentations from the science sessions on the Virtual Options environment of the AGU website. (You will need to register to view the videos, but registration is free.)



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NASA, Planetary Scientists Find Meteoritic Evidence of Mars Water Reservoir

NASA and an international team of planetary scientists have found evidence in meteorites on Earth that indicates Mars has a distinct and global reservoir of water or ice near its surface.



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Thursday, 18 December 2014

NASA’s Orion Arrives Back at Kennedy, Media Invited to View Spacecraft

After traveling more than 3,600 miles above Earth and 600 miles over sea, NASA’s Orion spacecraft completed the final leg of its journey by land Thursday, arriving home at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Media representatives are invited to attend an event at 10:30 a.m. EDT Friday, Dec. 19, marking the arrival.



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NASA, SpaceX Update Launch of Fifth SpaceX Resupply Mission to Space Station

NASA and SpaceX announced today the launch of SpaceX's fifth commercial resupply services mission to the International Space Station now will occur no earlier than Tuesday, Jan. 6.



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NASA’s Kepler Reborn, Makes First Exoplanet Find of New Mission

NASA's planet-hunting Kepler spacecraft makes a comeback with the discovery of the first exoplanet found using its new mission -- K2.



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MIDAS and its first dust grain

This blog post is contributed by Mark Bentley, MIDAS Principal Investigator at the Space Research Institute (IWF) in Graz, Austria. One of the big challenges in planning MIDAS operations is predicting the amount of dust that we collect during an exposure. Measuring the rate of dust grains flying past Rosetta and their size distribution is, of course, part of our science, but to plan our operations, we need to have some idea of what to expect beforehand! This is particularly complicated because with MIDAS, we are interested in measuring the smallest cometary dust particles, less than 1 Āµm (micrometre or millionth of a metre) in size, and ground-based telescope observations that are used to study dust remotely are almost blind to these sizes. So with that in mind, we started our first exposure in mid-September, opening the shutter for about 4 days. MIDAS works by collecting dust grains on sticky targets that are then scanned at very high resolution using an atomic force microscope. Initial calculations suggested that we might find one particle of around 1 Āµm in an 80x80 Āµm scan. The “before” and “after” images are shown in the panel below - as you can see, nothing jumps out, as most of the features seen in the after image were also there before we opened the shutter, meaning that they are background contamination (this is why we need to take a scan before!). If you look closely, you might even convince yourself that one or more particles have disappeared, but this is just a result of small offsets in the position of each pixel. During the following weeks, the same target was exposed and scanned several more times to search for particles. Again, we didn’t see anything obvious. Then, as you may recall, something special happened in mid-November: […]



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CometWatch 14 December

This four-image mosaic comprises images taken from a distance of 19.4 km from the centre of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko on 14 December. The image resolution at that distance is 1.66 m/pixel and the individual 1024 x 1024 frames measure 1.7 km across. The mosaic is slightly cropped and measures 3.0 x 3.1 km. As usual, rotation and translation of the comet during the image sequencing make it difficult to create an accurate mosaic. As always, refer to the individual images below before drawing conclusions about strange structures seen on the comet or low intensity extended emission. Today’s mosaic shows the underside of the larger lobe of Comet 67P/C-G, providing yet another view of the region that is home to Cheops and its neighbouring boulders. In line with the Ancient Egyptian naming scheme agreed by Rosetta scientists for features on the comet, this smooth region and the rougher terrain towards the upper right from there has been named Imhotep, after the famous architect of Egyptian pyramids from the 27th century BC. The name of this region was revealed during a talk at AGU today. The image also highlights the difference between the smooth region where Cheops is located and the areas around it, rich in craters, pits and cliffs. In addition, it is interesting to note that the Cheops boulder (upper and lower left frames in the montage above; see here, here and here for previous views) has now become an essential element in the proposal for establishing a scientific coordinate reference frame on the comet. In fact, one of the axes of this reference frame runs from the centre of mass of Comet 67P/C-G through the Cheops boulder. The individual image frames are provided below.



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Wednesday, 17 December 2014

NASA to Discuss Today Asteroid Redirect Mission Capture Concept, Next Step in Journey to Mars

NASA will host a media teleconference at 4 p.m. EST today during which agency officials will discuss and answer questions on the selection of an Asteroid Redirect Mission concept.



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NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite

NASA has selected SpaceX to provide launch services for the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission. TESS will launch aboard a Falcon 9 v1.1 launch vehicle, with liftoff targeted for August 2017 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.



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NASA Rover Finds Active, Ancient Organic Chemistry on Mars

NASA's Mars Curiosity rover has measured a tenfold spike in methane, an organic chemical, in the atmosphere around it and detected other organic molecules in a rock-powder sample collected by the robotic laboratory’s drill.



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Tuesday, 16 December 2014

NASA Analysis: 11 Trillion Gallons to Replenish California Drought Losses

It will take about 11 trillion gallons of water (42 cubic kilometers) -- around 1.5 times the maximum volume of the largest U.S. reservoir -- to recover from California's continuing drought, according to a new analysis of NASA satellite data.



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NASA Voyager: 'Tsunami Wave' Still Flies Through Interstellar Space

Voyager in Space (Artist Concept)



The "tsunami wave" that NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft began experiencing earlier this year is still propagating outward, according to new results










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Monday, 15 December 2014

CometWatch – 10 December

This four-image mosaic comprises images taken from a distance of 20.1 km from the centre of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko on 10 December. The image resolution is 1.71 m/pixel and the individual 1024 x 1024 frames measure 1.75 km across. The mosaic is slightly cropped and measures 2.9 x 2.6 km. As usual, rotation and translation of the comet during the image sequencing make it difficult to create an accurate mosaic. In this particular instance, some distortion terms were introduced to make the mosaic, and careful inspection may reveal some slight mismatches in features at the seams. In addition, some cleaning has been applied to lower the impact of NAVCAM scattering and make the boundaries between images continuous. So, be cautious in pushing the intensities too far to look at very faint features: in particular, an apparent discontinuity in the main outflow from the neck of the comet is an artefact. In this orientation, the smaller lobe of the comet is to the right, and the larger lobe to the left. The lower right part of the image provides a stunning view on the comet's 'neck' and its constellation of boulders, which were also visible in an image published last week. A hint of activity stemming from the neck is also visible. The four-frame montage and the individual image frames are provided below.



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NASA Tests Software That May Help Increase Flight Efficiency, Decrease Aircraft Noise

NASA researchers Friday began flight tests of computer software that shows promise in improving flight efficiency and reducing environmental impacts of aircraft, especially on communities around airports.



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Saturday, 13 December 2014

Signs of Ancient Mars Lakes and Quakes Seen in New Map

Geological Mapping of Hills in Martian Canyon



High-resolution geological mapping based on images from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter suggests lakes and "marsquakes" were part of the vast Valles Marineris canyon system.










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NASA Highlights Drought, Mars, Arctic Warming at American Geophysical Union





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Friday, 12 December 2014

What’s up with Rosetta

Contrary to the pre-landing phase, where the trajectories flown were designed with the lander delivery always in mind, we have now entered the science phase of the mission.



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Opportunity Working in No-Flash Mode for Now

NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity



Persistent computer resets and "amnesia" events that have occurred after reformatting the flash memory on the Opportunity rover have prompted a shift to a working mode that avoids the flash data-storage system.










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NASA, SpaceX Update Launch of Resupply Mission to the Space Station





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Space Station Partners Hold Paris News Conference to Discuss Yearlong Mission

NASA and its International Space Station partners will hold a news conference in Paris at 10 a.m. EST Thursday, Dec. 18, to discuss the upcoming one-year expedition on the International Space Station. NASA Television and the agency's website will carry the briefing live.



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Thursday, 11 December 2014

Help U.S. Cope with Climate Change: Enter NASA-USGS Data App Challenge

NASA in partnership with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is offering more than $35,000 in prizes to citizen scientists for ideas that make use of climate data to address vulnerabilities faced by the United States in coping with climate change.



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Wednesday, 10 December 2014

NASA Awards the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport III Follow-On Contract

NASA has awarded a contract to the Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority of Norfolk, Virginia for the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport III (MARS III) follow-on contract.



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Saturn's Moons: What a Difference a Decade Makes

Maps of Enceladus



New color maps of Saturn's major icy moons demonstrate how much NASA's Cassini mission has changed our view of the Saturn system since the Voyager era.










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NASA Updates Briefings for Fifth SpaceX Resupply Mission to Space Station

The fifth SpaceX cargo mission to the International Space Station (ISS) under NASA's Commercial Resupply Services contract is scheduled to launch at 2:31 p.m. EST Tuesday, Dec. 16, from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. NASA Television coverage of the launch begins at 1:15 p.m.



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OPALS: Light Beams Let Data Rates Soar

This artist's rendition shows OPALS operating from the International Space Station.



You may know opals as fiery gemstones, but something special called OPALS is floating above us in space.










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Two Robots, One Challenge, Endless Possibility

JPL's RoboSimian and Surrogate Robots



An innovative robot developed at JPL will perform several disaster-relief tasks in next year's DARPA Robotics Challenge finals.










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Tuesday, 9 December 2014

CometWatch 7 December

This four-image mosaic comprises images taken by Rosetta’s NAVCAM on 7 December from a distance of 19.7 km from the centre of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The image scale is 1.68 m/pixel and each single 1024 x 1024 frame measures 1.7 km across. The mosaic has been cropped and measures 3.2 x 3.1 km, at roughly the same scale per pixel. As usual, before interpreting the mosaic, do check the original frames (provided below), because the rotation and translation of the comet during the image sequencing makes it difficult to create an accurate mosaic. In this particular instance, some distortion terms were introduced to make the mosaic, albeit still leaving a slight mismatch error at one of the peaks on the top edge of the mosaic. Internal scattering in NAVCAM also leads to some spurious broad intensity features and thus some cleaning has been applied to lower the impact of the scattering and make the boundaries between images continuous. So, be cautious in pushing the intensities too far to look at very faint features: there will be some artefacts. The scene shows a great side-on view of the inside rim of the large depression on the smaller of the comet’s lobes (far top right). This viewing angle highlights two different surface textures visible inside the depression – the right hand side (in this orientation) seemingly dominated by rougher terrain and the majority of boulders, while the left hand side is apparently much smoother. Finally, streams of dust and gas can be seen rising from both the large (lower left) and small (upper right) lobes of the comet. The site at which Philae first touched down is also visible in the top right frame (see here for a labelled image).



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NASA Delivers Futuristic Aircraft Part to Virginia for Structural Testing

Media are invited to view the unloading of a representative test article of a futuristic hybrid wing body aircraft Thursday, Dec. 11 at the agency’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.



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Monday, 8 December 2014

NASA's Curiosity Rover Finds Clues to How Water Helped Shape Martian Landscape

Sedimentary Signs of a Martian Lakebed



Observations by NASA's Curiosity Rover indicate Mars' Mount Sharp was built by sediments deposited in a large lake bed over tens of millions of years.










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NASA’s Curiosity Rover Finds Clues to How Water Helped Shape Martian Landscape

Observations by NASA’s Curiosity Rover indicate Mars' Mount Sharp was built by sediments deposited in a large lake bed over tens of millions of years.



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Saturday, 6 December 2014

Dawn Snaps Its Best-Yet Image of Dwarf Planet Ceres

Enhanced Early View of Ceres from Dawn



The Dawn spacecraft has delivered a glimpse of Ceres, the largest body in the main asteroid belt, in a new image taken 740,000 miles (1.2 million kilometers) from the dwarf planet.










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Students 'Keep It Moving' for Contest at JPL

Crescenta Valley High School and their contraption placed second in the 2014 JPL Invention Challenge.



Twenty teams of students from Southern California middle and high schools, plus seven JPL teams, competed in the JPL Invention Challenge, called "Keep It Moving."










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NASA Invites Media to View Orion Spacecraft Recently Returned From Space

Media are invited to view NASA's Orion spacecraft Monday, Dec. 8 at Naval Base San Diego. Orion successfully completed its first flight test Friday, traveling 3,600 miles above Earth to test the spacecraft’s systems before it carries astronauts on deep space missions.



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Statement by John P. Holdren on the Successful Test Launch and Recovery of the Orion Spacecraft

Upon successful launch and recovery of the Orion spacecraft on Friday White House Office of Science and Technology Policy Director John P. Holdren issued the following statement.



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Warm Gas Pours 'Cold Water' on Galaxy's Star-Making

A new feature in the evolution of galaxies has been captured in this image of galactic interactions.



One galaxy devoured remnants of another galaxy, quenching the formation of new stars.










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NASA’s New Orion Spacecraft Completes First Spaceflight Test

NASA marked a major milestone Friday on its journey to Mars as the Orion spacecraft completed its first voyage to space, traveling farther than any spacecraft designed for astronauts has been in more than 40 years.



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Friday, 5 December 2014

Orion Flight Test, NASA TV Coverage Reset for Friday, Dec. 5

The first flight test of Orion, NASA’s next-generation spacecraft capable of sending astronauts on future missions to an asteroid and the journey to Mars, now is scheduled to launch Friday, Dec. 5 at 7:05 a.m. EST, atop a United Launch Alliance Delta IV Heavy from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. NASA Television coverage will begin at 6 a.m. There is a two-hour, 39-minute window for the launch.



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Thursday, 4 December 2014

Mini Rovers Hold Big Promise for Community College Students

NCAS students pose in front of the Curiosity rover model at JPL



Four miniature rovers will go head-to-head this week at JPL as community college students get a first-hand look at what it's like to work on a robotic space mission.










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NASA to Hold Dec. 8 Media Teleconference on Mars Rover Curiosity Observations

NASA will host a media teleconference at noon EST Monday, Dec. 8, to discuss geological observations made by NASA's Mars rover Curiosity.



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Wednesday, 3 December 2014

NASA to Hold Dec. 8 Media Teleconference on Mars Rover Curiosity Observations

Curiosity Self-Portrait at 'Windjana' Drilling Site



NASA will host a media teleconference at 9 a.m. PST (noon EST) Monday, Dec. 8, to discuss geological observations made by NASA's Mars rover Curiosity.










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Stardust Not Likely to Block Planet Portraits

Seeking Planets in the Dust



A new NASA study concludes that stars aren't all that dusty -- a step forward to finding planets that might harbor life.










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West Antarctic Melt Rate Has Tripled: NASA-UC Irvine

Glaciers seen during NASA's Operation IceBridge research flight to West Antarctica on Oct. 29, 2014.



A comprehensive, 21-year analysis of the fastest-melting region of Antarctica has found that the melt rate of glaciers there has tripled during the last decade.










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Tuesday, 2 December 2014

The quest for organic molecules on the surface of 67P/C-G

This blog post is contributed by Ian Wright and his colleagues from the Ptolemy team. For scientists engaged with large complex projects like Rosetta, there is always a delightful period early on when, unbound by practical realities, it is possible to dream. And so it was that at one time the scientists were thinking about having a lander with the capability to hop around a comet’s surface. In this way it would be possible to make measurements from different parts of the comet. Interestingly, this unplanned opportunity presented itself on 12 November 2014, when Philae landed not once but three times on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The Ptolemy instrument on Philae is a compact mass spectrometer designed to measure the composition of the materials making up 67P/C-G, with a particular focus on organic molecules and mineral components. Earlier in 2014, Ptolemy had collected data at distances of 15,000, 13,000, 30, 20, and 10 km from the comet, while Philae was still attached to Rosetta. But from 12 to 14 November, along with some other instruments on the lander, Ptolemy had the chance to operate at more than one location on the comet’s surface. Ptolemy performed its first 'sniffing' measurements on the comet just after the initial touchdown of Philae. At almost exactly the same moment, the OSIRIS camera on Rosetta was imaging Philae flying back above the surface after the first bounce. Later, once Philae had stopped at its final landing site, Ptolemy then made six subsequent sets of measurements, sniffing the comet's atmosphere at the surface between 13 and 14 November. Finally, a slightly different experiment was also conducted on 14 November, which was completed only 45 minutes before Philae went into hibernation as its primary battery was exhausted. For this “last gasp” experiment, the team used a specialised oven, the […]



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CometWatch 30 November

This four image montage comprises images taken with Rosetta’s NAVCAM on 30 November from a distance of 30.2 km from the centre of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The image resolution is 2.6 m/pixel and each original 1024 x 1024 pixel frame measures just over 2.6 km across. In this orientation, the smaller of the two comet lobes is in the lower left of the montage, with the larger lobe occupying the upper frames as well as the lower right frame, albeit mostly cast in shadow. The view affords a particularly nice view down onto the ‘neck’ region of the comet, where low plateaus of material with layered walls appear to rise from the smoother material that surrounds them. Similarly, some of the boulder-like features seen in the foreground of the scene have the appearance of being exposed from the underlying surface, partially covered by the finer-grained material. In the far left of the lower left frame, this fine-grained material appears to have been shaped into a beautiful rippled pattern; perhaps as result of the underlying topography and/or due to differences in erosion by sublimation across the surface. Due to rotation and translation of the comet during the image-taking sequence, it is again difficult to make an accurate mosaic of this set. Evidence for this can be seen in the neck region, where the shadows and fraction of the boulder field visible have clearly changed between the first (lower-left) and last (lower-right) images. Also, stretching the contrast reveals some details in the shadowed regions, as well as some fine jet-like structures from the upper limb of the main body. But at high contrast, internal scattering in the NAVCAM optics also becomes apparent, in the form of large-scale diffuse blobs. These also make it difficult to mosaic well.



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Boeing Completes First Milestone for NASA’s Commercial Crew Transportation Systems

NASA has approved the completion of Boeing’s first milestone in the company’s path toward launching crews to the International Space Station from the United States under a groundbreaking Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) contract.



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Thursday, 27 November 2014

NASA Coverage Set for Fifth SpaceX Resupply Mission to Space Station

The fifth SpaceX cargo mission to the International Space Station (ISS) under NASA's Commercial Resupply Services contract is scheduled to launch Tuesday, Dec. 16, from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. NASA Television coverage of the launch begins at 1:15 p.m. EST.



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Wednesday, 26 November 2014

CometWatch 20 November - In the shadow of the coma

This NAVCAM mosaic comprises four individual images taken on 20 November from a distance of 30.8 km from the centre of Comet 67P/C-G. The image resolution is 2.6 m/pixel, so each original 1024 x 1024 pixel frame measured about 2.7 km across. The mosaic has been slightly rescaled, rotated, and cropped, and measures roughly 4.2 x 5.0 km. Due to rotation and translation of the comet during the image taking sequence, making a mosaic involves some compromises, as features change slightly from one image to the next. In addition, scattering in the NAVCAM optics can lead to large-scale intensity artefacts which are difficult to cater for when mosaicing. Thus, for this set of NAVCAM images, some pre-mosaicing masking and post-mosaicing localised intensity adjustments have been made to reduce the low-level artefacts. By their very nature, these adjustments are not perfect. However, as always, the individual images have also been made available below to allow you to check the accuracy of the mosaicing and intensity matching. The image shows vast outflows of gas and dust, as well as smaller ‘jets’ stemming from the neck and the larger lobe of the comet, suggesting increased levels of activity since rendezvous in August. Post-processing in LightRoom was also used to bring out the faint outflows, while retaining the brighter features on the comet. Exceptionally, an increased exposure and contrast version of the mosaic is also provided to give an even better view of the outflowing material. In particular, at the bottom of the mosaic, the non-illuminated part of the comet stands out as a silhouette against the broader diffuse emission coming from the comet's coma. There are hints of a diffuse 'atmosphere' close to the surface of the comet seen along the illuminated edges, but this could be due to scattering in the NAVCAM […]



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NASA Airborne Campaigns Tackle Climate Questions from Africa to Arctic

Five new NASA airborne field campaigns will take to the skies starting in 2015 to investigate how long-range air pollution, warming ocean waters, and fires in Africa affect our climate.



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NASA Seeks Comments on Possible Airship Challenge

Artist's concept for a high-altitude



NASA is considering issuing a challenge for developing stratospheric airships that can break records for duration of flight at high altitudes.










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Tuesday, 25 November 2014

NASA Sets Prelaunch Activities, Television Coverage for Orion Flight Test

The first flight test of Orion, NASA’s next-generation spacecraft that will send astronauts to an asteroid and onward to Mars, is scheduled for Thursday, Dec. 4. NASA will host a series of news conferences and flight test commentary on NASA Television, as well as media events at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.



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JPL and Caltech to Host 2018 COSPAR Conference

Pasadena, California, will host the 2018 COSPAR meeting.



The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), an international scientific organization, will have its 2018 meeting in Pasadena, California, hosted by Caltech and supported by JPL.










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NASA Opens Cube Quest Challenge for Largest-Ever Prize of $5 Million

Registration now is open for NASA's Cube Quest Challenge, the agency’s first in-space competition that offers the agency’s largest-ever prize purse.



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Monday, 24 November 2014

New Crew Arrives at Space Station to Continue Scientific Research

Three new crew members representing the United States, Russia and Italy are at the International Space Station (ISS).



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Saturday, 22 November 2014

Rosetta Comet Landing in 'Thud' and 3D

This 3D image shows what it would look like to fly over the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.



The initial descent of the Rosetta mission's comet lander Philae was captured in a 3D image and in sound by instruments aboard the spacecraft.










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Extreme Shrimp May Hold Clues to Alien Life

Densely-Grouped Shrimp



At one of the world's deepest undersea hydrothermal vents, tiny shrimp are piled on top of each other, layer upon layer, crawling on rock chimneys that spew hot water.










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Mars Exploration Program Director Named

Jim Watzin, new director for NASA's Mars Exploration Program



Jim Watzin has been named the new director for NASA's Mars Exploration Program at NASA Headquarters in Washington.










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NASA Issues 'Remastered' View of Jupiter's Moon Europa

Europa's Stunning Surface



Scientists have produced a new version of what is perhaps NASA's best view of Jupiter's ice-covered moon, Europa.










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Friday, 21 November 2014

NASA Announces New Opportunities for Public Participation in Asteroid Grand Challenge

Ten new projects are providing opportunities for the public to participate in NASA's Asteroid Grand Challenge, which accelerates the agency's asteroid initiative work through innovative partnerships and collaborations.



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Approaching a comet in 3D

As Philae approached Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko on 12 November 2014, the lander's downward-looking camera ROLIS took images of the descent. Now the ROLIS team from DLR has used two of them to produce a stereographic image. To appreciate the 3D effect, the image must be viewed with red-blue/green glasses. This image combines two ROLIS images, acquired about an hour before the first touchdown at 15:34 GMT/16:34 CET (time onboard the spacecraft), which was confirmed on Earth at 16:03 GMT/17:03 CET. The images are separated by two minutes and the resolution is three metres per pixel. *** The ROsetta Lander Imaging System (ROLIS) was developed by the DLR Institute of Planetary Research in Berlin, Germany, under the leadership of principal investigator Stefano Mottola.



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Homing in on Philae’s final landing site

Based on inputs provided by the CONSERT principal investigator Wlodek Kofman, CNRS researcher at the Institut de PlanĆ©tologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France. In addition to the on-going visual searches using OSIRIS and NAVCAM images, the CONSERT experiment is helping scientists to locate Philae’s final landing site. CONSERT, or the Comet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radio wave Transmission, is an experiment that works between the Rosetta orbiter and the Philae lander. It works by transmitting radio signals from the orbiter to the lander, and when the geometry is right, the signals pass through the nucleus of the comet, allowing its interior to be analysed. The signals are received on the lander, where some data is extracted, and then immediately a new signal is transmitted back to the orbiter, where the main experimental data collection occurs. As the radio waves pass through different parts of the cometary nucleus, variations in propagation time and amplitude occur, and these can be used to determine various properties of the internal material and carry out a form of ‘tomography’. But CONSERT is also being used to help identify the location of the lander, in combination with work performed by ESOC Flight Dynamics, the Philae lander team, the ESA Rosetta Science Ground Segment, and the OSIRIS camera team. By making measurements of the distance between Rosetta and Philae during the periods of direct visibility between orbiter and lander, as well as measurements made through the core, the team have been able to narrow down the search to the strip presented in the image shown above. The determination of the landing zone is dependent on the underlying comet shape model used, which is why there are two candidate regions marked. Planned high-resolution imaging by OSIRIS will be used to study the CONSERT predicted area. The CONSERT […]



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Researchers Advance 'Quantum Teleportation'

Quantum mechanics can be confusing. This cartoon helps explain recent research



New research from JPL could have implications for transmitting information securely, including communications between Earth and spacecraft.










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NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Ionospheric Connection Explorer

NASA has selected Orbital Sciences Corporation of Dulles, Virginia, to provide launch services for the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission.



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Thursday, 20 November 2014

NASA Selects Student Teams for High-Powered Rocket Challenge

NASA has selected eight teams from middle and high schools across the country to participate in the 2014-2015 NASA Student Launch Challenge, April 7-12, organized by NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.



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Cometwatch – 17 November

After last week's intense activities centred on Rosetta's lander Philae and its descent to the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, it's time to take another look at this beautiful comet through Rosetta's navigation camera. This NAVCAM mosaic comprises four individual images taken on 17 November from a distance of 42.0 km from the centre of Comet 67P/C-G. The image resolution is 3.6 m/pixel, so each original 1024 x 1024 pixel frame measured about 3.7 km across. The mosaic has been cropped (but not rotated) and measures roughly 5.0 x 4.7 km. Some slight contrast enhancement has also been applied. Due to rotation and translation of the comet during the image taking sequence, making a mosaic involves some compromises. However, as always, the individual images have also been made available below to allow you to check the accuracy of the mosaicing and intensity matching. Framed between the larger lobe of the comet on the left and the smaller one on the right, the 'neck' of the comet appears in full glory, showing the highly textured cliffs on the smaller lobe, above the neck, and traces of activity stemming from the neck. A number of small white blobs also appear in the image, likely specks of dust or other small objects in the vicinity of the comet.



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The sound of touchdown

Sensors in the feet of Rosetta’s lander Philae have recorded the sound of touchdown as it first came into contact with Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The instrument, SESAME-CASSE, was turned on during the descent and clearly registered the first touchdown as Philae came into contact with the comet, in the form of vibrations detected in the soles of the lander’s feet. Image credit: ESA/ATG medialab – Audio file credit: ESA/Rosetta/Philae/SESAME/DLR - USAGE: This file is copyright protected and is NOT now available under any CC licensing. It may be used only for non-profit, education or personal use. For any other use, please contact DLR, Institute of Planetary Research, Asteroids and Comets, Berlin, Klaus Seidensticker. Note that this is an actual sound file; i.e. it is a recording of mechanical vibrations at acoustic frequencies. No modification was necessary except for some technical adjustments (e.g. the .wav format requires amplitude normalisation). Actual frequency content and duration are unchanged. SESAME is the lander’s Surface Electrical Sounding and Acoustic Monitoring Experiment, and comprises three suites of instruments: CASSE – the Comet Acoustic Surface Sounding Experiment, which allows mechanical parameters of the surface to be deduced, along with details of the structure of the subsurface; DIM – the Dust Impact Monitor, which measures properties of impacting comet grains; PP – the Permittivity Probe, which determines one of the key electrical properties of the material beneath Philae, which is linked to the water ice content of the surface. Klaus Seidensticker from the DLR Institute of Planetary Research says: “Our data record the first touchdown and show that Philae’s feet first penetrated a soft surface layer – possibly a dust layer – several centimetres thick until they hit a hard surface – probably a sintered ice-dust layer – a few milliseconds later.” Data from the SESAME-DIM instrument meanwhile suggest […]



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Rosetta continues into its full science phase

Read the full report of what's coming next for Rosetta and its science mission via the ESA Portal webstory: Rosetta continues into its full science phase



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NASA's SMAP May Clarify Link from Wet Soil to Weather

Northern India is one of the soil moisture hot spots found in Koster's study.



Weather -- rain, heat and wind -- affects the moisture in soil that allows plants to grow. How does soil moisture influence weather in return?










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NASA Awards Agencywide Acquisition of Liquid Hydrogen Contract

NASA has awarded the agencywide Acquisition of Liquid Hydrogen contract to Praxair, Inc. of Danbury, Connecticut.



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Wednesday, 19 November 2014

Did Philae drill the comet?

Philae’s Sampling, Drilling and Distribution (SD2) subsystem was activated towards the end of the surface operations that Philae performed on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko last week, despite fears that it might alter the lander’s precarious position following its third touchdown. Here we present the latest update from the SD2 team. SD2’s goal was to drill into the comet surface in order to collect and deliver samples to the COSAC and Ptolemy instruments inside the lander (Click here for our introductory post on SD2). It was the last of the lander’s ten instruments to be operated during the night of the 13–14 November. SD2 principal investigator Amalia Finzi has reported that the drill was deployed as planned, extending 46.9 cm below the balcony of the lander and 56.0 cm from its reference point. “It was then retracted to the reference position, the carousel turned in a way that the sampling tube was in front of the right oven, the discharge operation from the sampling tube to the oven was completed, and the carousel rotated in a way that that oven was positioned at COSAC’s location,” she said. Although the ovens worked correctly, the scientists do not yet know how much – if any – material was actually delivered to the ovens by SD2, or whether the instruments sampled dust or gas that entered the chamber during the touchdown. Because Philae was not anchored to the comet surface, it is also possible that, if the drill touched a particularly hard surface material, it moved the lander instead of drilling into the surface. Furthermore, the SD2 instrument lacks dedicated sensors to determine whether or not the surface has been reached, whether a sample was then collected in the sample tube, or if it was then discharged into the oven. But other instruments on board Philae […]



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Reddit AMA 20 Nov 19:00CET start

Engineers from ESOC and the Lander Control Centre will take part in a reddit AMA (Ask me Anything!) on Thursday, 20 November 19:00CET start. More details here shortly.



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NASA Announces Early Stage Innovations Space Tech Research Grants

NASA has selected 11 university-led proposals for the study of innovative, early stage technologies that address high priority needs of America's space program.



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NASA Teams with South Korean Agency to Further Improve Air Traffic Management

NASA and the Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement (KAIA) have signed a memorandum of understanding for future cooperation on the development of advanced air traffic management technologies, benefiting airline passengers and citizens of both nations.



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Tuesday, 18 November 2014

Philae settles in dust-covered ice

Before going into hibernation in the early hours of 15 November 2014, the Philae lander was able to conduct experiments and return its data to Earth. In this blog post we look at the preliminary analysis conducted by the lander’s Multi-Purpose Sensors for Surface and Subsurface Science instrument package, MUPUS. MUPUS began observing the environment around Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko once Philae was released from the Rosetta orbiter at 08:35 GMT on 12 November (this is spacecraft time; the signal confirming separation arrived at Earth just over 28 minutes later, at 09:03 GMT). The first touchdown recorded by Philae occurred at 15:34 GMT (with the signal arriving on Earth at 16:03 GMT), but it later transpired that the harpoons and ice screws did not deploy as planned and the lander subsequently rebounded, experiencing two further touchdowns, at 17:25 and 17:32 GMT (spacecraft time), respectively. Because part of the MUPUS package was contained in the harpoons, some temperature and accelerometer data could not be gathered. However, the MUPUS thermal mapper, located on the body of the lander, worked throughout the descent and during all three touchdowns. At Philae’s final landing spot, the MUPUS probe recorded a temperature of –153°C close to the floor of the lander’s balcony before it was deployed. Then, after deployment, the sensors near the tip cooled by about 10°C over a period of roughly half an hour. “We think this is either due to radiative transfer of heat to the cold nearby wall seen in the CIVA images or because the probe had been pushed into a cold dust pile,” says Jƶrg Knollenberg, instrument scientist for MUPUS at DLR. The probe then started to hammer itself into the subsurface, but was unable to make more than a few millimetres of progress even at the highest power level of the […]



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NASA Receives Fourth Consecutive Clean Audit Opinion

NASA has received an unmodified, or “clean”, audit opinion on its fiscal year 2014 financial statements, marking the fourth consecutive year of “clean” opinions.



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Geologic Maps of Vesta from NASA's Dawn Mission Published

Geological Map of Vesta



Images from NASA's Dawn Mission have been used to create a series of high-resolution geological maps of the large asteroid Vesta, revealing the variety of surface features in unprecedented detail.










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NASA Television Coverage Set for Next International Space Station Crew Launch

NASA Television will provide extensive coverage of the Sunday, Nov. 23, launch from Kazakhstan of three crew members of Expedition 42/43, as they begin their planned six-hour journey to the International Space Station.



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Monday, 17 November 2014

Next NASA Mars Mission Reaches Milestone

Work on NASA's InSight Lander Starts New Phase



NASA's InSight mission has begun its assembly, test and launch operations phase, on track for a March 2016 launch to Mars.










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OSIRIS spots Philae drifting across the comet

These incredible images show the breathtaking journey of Rosetta’s Philae lander as it approached and then rebounded from its first touchdown on Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko on 12 November 2014. The mosaic comprises a series of images captured by Rosetta’s OSIRIS camera over a 30 minute period spanning the first touchdown. The time of each of image is marked on the corresponding insets and is in GMT. A comparison of the touchdown area shortly before and after first contact with the surface is also provided. The images were taken with Rosetta’s OSIRIS narrow-angle camera when the spacecraft was 17.5 km from the comet centre, or roughly 15.5 km from the surface. They have a resolution of 28 cm/pixel and the enlarged insets are 17 x 17 m. From left to right, the images show Philae descending towards and across the comet before touchdown. The image taken after touchdown, at 15:43 GMT, confirms that the lander was moving east, as first suggested by the data returned by the CONSERT experiment, and at a speed of about 0.5 m/s. The final location of Philae is still not known, but after touching down and bouncing again at 17:25 GMT, it reached there at 17:32 GMT. The imaging team is confident that combining the CONSERT ranging data with OSIRIS and navcam images from the orbiter and images from near the surface and on it from Philae’s ROLIS and CIVA cameras will soon reveal the lander’s whereabouts. The insets are provided separately below (the timestamps are recorded in the filenames). All images credit: ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA



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Sunday, 16 November 2014

Philae spotted just after first landing on Comet 67P/C-G

On Friday, we published a series of remarkable NAVCAM images acquired by Rosetta as the orbiter monitored the intended landing point of Philae on 12 November from its orbit above Comet 67P/C-G. The images show what appears to be the shadow of a dust cloud kicked up when Philae made its first touch down on the surface of the comet at 15:35 UTC. The images were provided by ESA's Flight Dynamics team on Friday, who sent them to the web team to be published as soon as possible: we all wanted to make sure you saw them right away. Once we had convinced ourselves that the dark 'splotch' seen in the second of the images was almost certainly the tell-tale signature of Philae's precise first touch-down and bounce, we put them out. However, some careful work by a number of people in ESA's Flight Dynamics team and by followers of our Rosetta blog has shown that these NAVCAM images show more, namely Philae itself, just after the bounce! It appears as a couple of brighter pixels closely accompanied by its shadow in the form of a couple of darker ones just below, both to the right of the diffuse dust cloud shadow. Credit for the first discovery goes to Gabriele Bellei, from the interplanetary division of Flight Dynamics, who spent hours searching the NAVCAM images for evidence of the landing. Once the images were published, there was also quite some speculation by Rosetta blog readers in the comments section, wondering which features might be attributable to the lander. Martin Esser, Henning, and Kasuha in particular were among the first to make insightful observations on the topic, although many others have since joined in. Last but not least, a careful independent review of the images was made by Mikel Canania from […]



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Saturday, 15 November 2014

Our lander’s asleep

With its batteries depleted and not enough sunlight available to recharge, Philae has fallen into 'idle mode' -- a possibly long silence. In this mode, all instruments and most systems on board are shut down. "Prior to falling silent, the lander was able to transmit all science data gathered during the First Science Sequence," says DLR's Stephan Ulamec, Lander manager, who was in the main control room at ESOC tonight. "This machine performed magnificently under tough conditions, and we can be fully proud of the incredible scientific success Philae has delivered." Contact was lost at 00:36 UTC / 01:36 CET, not long before the scheduled communication loss that would have happened anyway as Rosetta orbited below the horizon. From now on, no contact would be possible unless sufficient sunlight falls on the solar panels to generate enough power to wake it up. The possibility that this may happen was boosted this evening when mission controllers sent commands to rotate the lander's main body, to which the solar panels are fixed. This may have exposed more panel area to sunlight. The next possible communication slot begins on 15 November at about 10:00 UTC / 11:00 CET. The orbiter will listen for a signal, and will continue doing so when its orbit enables communication visibility. The hugely successful Rosetta mission will continue, as the spacecraft tracks comet 67P/C-G on its journey to the Sun. Rosetta is the first spacecraft to rendezvous with and orbit a comet and has already returned incredible scientific data. Follow the mission via http://rosetta.esa.int



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Lander battery voltage falling fast

On board Philae, system voltage has fallen very close to 21.5V; below that, the battery won't last much longer. At this time, there is insufficient sunlight to provide power.



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Signal acquired 22:19 CET – waiting confirmation

Rosetta deputy flight director Elsa Montagnon in ESOC's Main Control Room just announced: We acquired signals from Philae just a few minutes ago, but then lost contact again.



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NASA Opens Registration for 2015 Exploration Rover Challenge

NASA has opened team registration for the 2015 NASA Human Exploration Rover Challenge. Organized by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, the event will be held April 16-18, 2015, at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center, also in Huntsville.



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NASA Commercial Crew Partners Continue System Advancements

NASA's industry partners continue to complete development milestones under agreements with the agency’s Commercial Crew Program. The work performed by Blue Origin, Boeing, Sierra Nevada Corporation and SpaceX during partnership and contract initiatives are leading a new generation of safe, reliable and cost-effective crew space transportation systems to low-Earth orbit destinations.



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Friday, 14 November 2014

New Map Shows Frequency of Small Asteroid Impacts, Provides Clues on Larger Asteroid Population

This diagram maps the data gathered from 1994-2013 on small asteroids impacting Earth's atmosphere



A new map from NASA's Near Earth Object Program reveals that small asteroids frequently enter and disintegrate in Earth's atmosphere with random distribution around the globe.










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Rosetta's Comet Lander Landed Three Times

Image of the first touchdown site for the Rosetta spacecraft's Philae lander on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko



The Rosetta mission's Philae comet lander bounced off the surface twice before coming to rest on the surface. Many of its science instruments have already sent back data.










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Three touchdowns for Rosetta’s lander

This is an article from ESA's Space Science Portal to summarise Philae's landing so far. For a live summary and latest status update, watch the Google Hangout starting shortly at 13:00 GMT/14:00 CET. After achieving touchdown on a comet for the first time in history, scientists and engineers are busy analysing this new world and the nature of the landing. Touchdown was confirmed at ESA’s Space Operations Centre in Darmstadt, Germany at 16:03 GMT/17:03 CET on 12 November. Since then, scientists, flight dynamics specialists and engineers from ESA, the Lander Control Centre in Cologne, Germany, and the Philae Science, Operations and Navigation Centre in Toulouse, France have been studying the first data returned from the lander. These revealed the astonishing conclusion that the lander did not just touch down on Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko once, but three times. The harpoons did not fire and Philae appeared to be rotating after the first touchdown, which indicated that it had lifted from the surface again. Stephan Ulamec, Philae manager at the DLR German Aerospace Center, reported that it touched the surface at 15:34, 17:25 and 17:32 GMT (comet time – it takes over 28 minutes for the signal to reach Earth, via Rosetta). The information was provided by several of the scientific instruments, including the ROMAP magnetic field analyser, the MUPUS thermal mapper, and the sensors in the landing gear that were pushed in on the first impact. The first touchdown was inside the predicted landing ellipse, confirmed using the lander’s downwards-looking ROLIS descent camera in combination with the orbiter’s OSIRIS images to match features. But then the lander lifted from the surface again – for 1 hour 50 minutes. During that time, it travelled about 1 km at a speed of 38 cm/s. It then made a smaller second hop, travelling at about […]



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Rosetta mission: Results from comet landing: 14 Nov, 13:00 GMT

Follow our ESA Hangout live today starting at 13:00 GMT / 14:00 CET. Rosetta and Philae teams will provide an update on mission progress.



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NASA Awards NASA Balloon Operations Contract

NASA has awarded the NASA Balloon Operations Contract to Orbital Sciences Corporation of Greenbelt, Maryland for engineering and operations services to support the NASA Balloon Program.



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Thursday, 13 November 2014

Comet with a view

Here is the first panoramic ‘postcard’ from the surface of a comet, returned by Rosetta’s lander Philae, which is currently on the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: This view, captured by the CIVA-P imaging system on the lander, shows a 360Āŗ view around the point of final touchdown. Parts of Philae’s landing gear can be seen in some of the frames. Below is the same image, with superimposed a sketch of the Philae lander in the configuration the lander team currently believe it is in. Confirmation of Philae’s touchdown on the surface of Comet 67P/C–G arrived on Earth at 16:03 GMT/17:03 CET on 12 November.



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40 metres above a comet

Here is an image that was taken by the ROLIS imager on Rosetta's lander Philae when it was about 40 m above the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The image shows that the surface of the comet is covered by dust and debris ranging from mm to meter sizes. The large block in the top right corner is 5 m in size. In the same corner the structure of the Philae landing is visible. *** The ROLIS instrument is a down-looking imager that acquires images during the descent and doubles as a multispectral close-up camera after the landing. The aim of the ROLIS experiment which is lead by DLR is to study the texture and microstructure of the comet's surface. ROLIS (ROsetta Lander Imaging System) is a descent and close-up camera on the Philae Lander. It has been developed by the DLR Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin.



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Media briefing 14:00 CET start

Next media briefing on the Philae comet landing will start at 14:00 CET today, at ESA's Operations Centre, Darmstadt, Germany. Watch the media briefing live via webcast.



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Philae, the ‘happy lander’

Philae is on the surface and doing a marvellous job, working very well and we can say we have a very happy lander!



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Final media briefing from ESOC live now

Live from ESOC at http://ift.tt/1uRImQv



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NASA’s Orion Spacecraft Arrives at Launch Pad, Hoisted onto Rocket Ahead of its First Spaceflight

NASA’s new Orion spacecraft now is at its launch pad after completing its penultimate journey in the early hours Wednesday. It arrived at Space Launch Complex 37 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida at 3:07 a.m. EST, where the spacecraft then was lifted onto a United Launch Alliance Delta IV Heavy rocket in preparation for its first trip to space.



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NASA Statement on Successful Rosetta Comet Landing

Statement from John Grunsfeld, astronaut and associate administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington, about the successful comet landing by the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft.



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Here comes the lander!

Shortly before Philae’s touchdown on Comet 67P/C-G, the lander’s down-looking descent camera, ROLIS, imaged the surface of the comet: The image shows was acquired during descent on 12 November 2014 at 14:38:41 UT, from a distance of approximately 3 km from the surface. The landing site is imaged with a resolution of about 3m per pixel. The ROLIS instrument is a down-looking imager that acquires images during the descent and doubles as a multispectral close-up camera after the landing. The aim of the ROLIS experiment is to study the texture and microstructure of the comet's surface. In the upper right corner a segment of the Philae landing gear is visible. *** ROLIS (ROsetta Lander Imaging System) is a descent and close-up camera on the Philae Lander. It has been developed by the DLR Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin.



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Touchdown! Rosetta’s Philae probe lands on comet

ESA’s Rosetta mission has soft-landed its Philae probe on a comet, the first time in history that such an extraordinary feat has been achieved. After a tense wait during the seven-hour descent to the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, the signal confirming the successful touchdown arrived on Earth at 16:03 GMT (17:03 CET). The confirmation was relayed via the Rosetta orbiter to Earth and picked up simultaneously by ESA’s ground station in MalargĆ¼e, Argentina and NASA’s station in Madrid, Spain. The signal was immediately confirmed at ESA’s Space Operations Centre, ESOC, in Darmstadt, and DLR’s Lander Control Centre in Cologne, both in Germany. Read the full story here.



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Wednesday, 12 November 2014

Touchdown confirmed for Philae at 17:03 CET

Rosetta's lander Philae has landed on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Keep following the live broadcast from ESOC at http://ift.tt/1uRImQv



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Farewell, Rosetta!

Shortly after parting from Rosetta, the lander Philae took a shot of its mothership: The image was taken with the lander’s CIVA-P imaging system and captures one of Rosetta's 14 metre-long solar arrays. It was stored onboard the lander until the radio link was established with Rosetta around two hours after separation, and then relayed to Earth. The lander separated from the orbiter at 09:03 GMT/10:03 CET and is expected to touch down on Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko seven hours later. Confirmation of a successful touchdown is expected in a one-hour window centred on 16:02 GMT / 17:02 CET. Follow the landing event live: esa.int/rosetta



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Live broadcast from ESOC starting at 15:00 CET

Starting back soon. Stay tuned! http://ift.tt/1uRImQv



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Competition winners at ESOC

While we wait for the first science data to come back from Philae, let's take a look at five special guests who are sitting in the audience here at ESOC today: the winners of three competitions that were launched during the past year of Rosetta to mark some of the mission's milestones. One of the videos winning the #WakeUpRosetta competition early this year was produced by the pupils of the Ellinogermaniki Agogi Primary School in Athens, Greece. The eleven-year old Dimitris Grillis is here representing his school, curious to witness the first landing on a comet and to tell all about it to his friends and teachers once back in Greece; physics teacher Koskos Spyros also came along. The other winning video is by eighteen-year old JĆ³zef Dobrowolski from Ostrolzka, Poland, who joined the competition combining his two passions: astronomy and film-making. Mountaineering and a message in a bottle were the themes of the two winning photos of the #AreWeThereYet photo competition, launched just before Rosetta arrived at the comet last summer. Emanuele Andreola, an engineering student from Italy, shot his winning picture on top of a 4000-metre-high peak in the Alps while thinking of the size of Comet 67P/C-G, while Elisabetta Bonora, a space enthusiast and image-processing aficionada also from Italy, launched a bottle containing a Rosetta model and a mysterious message into the Mediterranean sea. In the last of the three competitions, which was launched last month, participants proposed names for the landing site on the comet. The winning name was Agilkia, an island on the Nile River in the south of Egypt, and the overall winner is Alexandre Brouste, a lecturer in mathematics from France who enjoys stargazing and all things space.



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SIGNALS ACQUIRED FROM PHILAE 12:07 CET

Mission control have regained contact with Rosetta as expected after separation, and with Philae that is now descending onto the surface of Comet 67P/C-G.



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Go ROSETTA!

The DSN is honored to be a part of this amazing adventure!



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Rosetta and Philae Go for separation

Following a night of critical Go/NoGo decisions, Rosetta and Philae are cleared for separation, despite a problem onboard the lander. During checks on the lander’s health, it was discovered that the active descent system, which provides a thrust upwards to avoid rebound at the moment of touchdown, cannot be activated. At touchdown, landing gear will absorb the forces of the landing while ice screws in each of the probe’s feet and a harpoon system will lock Philae to the surface. At the same time, a the thruster on top of the lander is supposed to push it down to counteract the impulse of the harpoon imparted in the opposite direction. “The cold gas thruster on top of the lander does not appear to be working so we will have to rely fully on the harpoons at touchdown,”says Stephan Ulamec, Philae Lander Manager at the DLR German Aerospace Center. “We’ll need some luck not to land on a boulder or a steep slope.” “There were various problems with the preparation activities overnight but we have decided to ‘go’. Rosetta is lined up for separation,” says Paolo Ferri, ESA’s head of mission operations. Thus despite the potential problem concerning the moment of touchdown, separation will proceed on the planned timeline. Separation will occur in space at 08:35 GMT / 09:35 CET, but it will take the radio signals from the transmitter on Rosetta 28 minutes and 20 seconds to reach Earth and be transferred to the Rosetta Mission Control Centre at ESA’s Space Operations Centre in Darmstadt, Germany. That means we must wait until about 09:03 GMT / 10:03 CET for confirmation the separation has happened correctly. The Go/No-Go decisions leading up to this milestone began last night at 19:00 GMT / 20:00 CET, with the first confirming that Rosetta is in […]



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NASA’s Canberra station now tracking Rosetta

The 34m antenna at NASA's deep space complex near Canberra, Australia, is now receiving signals from Rosetta, 511 million km from Earth. Thank you very much NASA and JPL for excellent support! Now! #DSS34 tracking @ESA_Rosetta. Good signal coming through. Good luck @Philae2014 #CometLanding http://ift.tt/1xw4e3k — CanberraDSN (@CanberraDSN) November 12, 2014



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Go/NoGo 3 – Philae ready

The Philae Control Team at the Lander Control Centre (DLR/Cologne) have completed a final check and verification of the lander’s health. The GO was given at 02:35 GMT/ 03:35 CET. Following a short manoeuvre set for 07:30 UTC / 08:30 CET, the final GO for separation will be made around 07:35 UTC/08:35 CET.



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ESA rolls out the big iron

For landing operations this week, ESA is once again rolling out the 'big iron' - two of the Agency's three ultra-sensitive 35m deep-space tracking stations, these ones located at MalargĆ¼e, Argentina, and New Norcia, Australia.



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REPLAY: Go/NoGo 2

Replay of the ESATV clip reporting the second Go/NoGo decision at 01:00 CET on 12 November.



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Rosetta's Singing Comet

Sound wave superimposed on an image of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko



We've seen early images of comet 67P, and now we're able to "hear it sing," thanks to instruments on the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft.










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European Spacecraft Set to Harpoon a Comet Tomorrow

Jagged Horizon on Rosetta's Destination Comet



European Space Agency's Rosetta mission will attempt to land on a comet tomorrow, Nov. 12.










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Jupiter's Red Spot is Likely a Sunburn, Not a Blush

Research suggests effects of sunlight produce the color of Jupiter's Great Red Spot.



The ruddy color of Jupiter's Great Red Spot is likely a product of simple chemicals being broken apart by sunlight in the planet's upper atmosphere, according to a new analysis of data from NASA's Cassini mission.










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Go/NoGo 2 – Commands ready; Rosetta ready

The second Go/NoGo, comprising two steps, confirms that: Telecommands to control separation and delivery are now complete and ready. That is, the Flight Dynamics Team at ESOC have prepared the final instructions to be uploaded to Rosetta to command the delivery operations on board. The Flight Control Team at ESOC have checked and verified the overall health of the spacecraft, ensuring it is ready to perform. The next expected Go/NoGo – confirming Lander health – will be delayed until about 02:35 GMT/03:35 CET The GO was given at 00:00 GMT/ 01:00 CET. The next Go/NoGo decision to confirm that Philae is ready for separation will be made at 01:35 UTC/02:35 CET.



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REPLAY: Go/NoGo 1

Replay of the ESATV clip reporting on the first Go/NoGo decision taken at 20:30 CET on 11 November.



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Tuesday, 11 November 2014

Comet over cities in Europe

With less than one day until Rosetta deploys Philae on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, here is a set of images to compare the size of the comet with a few cities across Europe. Let's start with Darmstadt, Germany, home to ESA's European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) where the international media event following the comet landing is taking place this week. Other European cities close ESA's establishments are also featured below: Paris, France, home to ESA's Headquarters; Amsterdam, close to the European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) in Noordwijk, The Netherlands; Rome, close to ESA’s centre for Earth observation (ESRIN) in Frascati, Italy; Madrid, close to the European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC) at Villanueva de la CaƱada, Spain; London, close to European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications (ECSAT) in Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK.



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Science Update – 11 November: Three months at the Comet

During this morning's media briefing at the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) in Darmstadt, Germany, there was also an overview of the scientific activities conducted at Comet 67P/C-G so far, presented by Matt Taylor, ESA Rosetta project scientist. Regular readers of this blog are surely familiar with the progress achieved by Rosetta in the past few months, but for those who are relatively new to the mission, we will summarise Matt Taylor's talk and present the highlights from the science operations so far. Rosetta started scientific operations on 7 May 2014, while still at a distance of almost two million km from the comet. At the time, the comet covered less than one pixel on the sensors of the cameras on Rosetta, but as the spacecraft approached its target, scientists started to realise that the shape of the comet was quite different than what had been assumed on the basis of observations from telescopes on the ground and orbiting around Earth. We are now all well familiar with Comet 67P/C-G's curious shape with a smaller and larger lobe - which scientists now almost customarily call the 'head' and 'body', connected by the 'neck'. Rosetta closed in on its target on 6 August, at a distance of about 100 km, and has been conducting a series of manoeuvres ever since, getting down to distances of less than 10 km from the comet's centre. Over the past three months, scientists from the OSIRIS team have been studying the comet and its surface in great detail to enable the selection of a landing site for Philae and the landing itself. Meanwhile, other instruments on Rosetta have been studying the comet under different 'angles', from the global properties of the coma to the very local properties of dust grains. Using VIRTIS observations in infrared, […]



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